Civil War Drawings Collection. Engraved for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 11 July 1863 (XVI:406):248-9, as "Siege of Vicksburg--View of the Doomed City from De Soto [Point]". After a series of failed assaults, Grant realized that he would have to isolate Vicksburg from its supply lines. Federal troops began construct elaborate entrenchments that surrounded the city and moved closer to the Confederate fortifications. With their backs against the Mississippi and Union gunboats firing from the river, Confederate soldiers and citizens alike were trapped. Grant's army began to fill the 12 mile ring around Vicksburg. In short time it became clear that even 50,000 Union soldiers would not be able to effect a complete encirclement of the Confederate defenses. Maj. Gen. Halleck quickly shifted Union troops in the West to meet Grant's need. With the arrival of Herron's, Washburn's, and Parke's divisions, Grant had 77,000 men around Vicksburg. The Confederates were stranded with munitions but little food. By the end of June, half were sick or hospitalized. During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was even heavier. As the barrages continued, suitable civilian housing in Vicksburg was limited. A ridge located between the main town and the rebel defense line provided citizens with lodging during the siege. Over 500 caves were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg. Whether houses were structurally sound or not, it was deemed safer to occupy the dugouts.

Civil War Drawings Collection. The Camp Jackson Affair was an incident of civil unrest in the American Civil War on May 10, 1861, when Union military forces clashed with civilians on the streets of St. Louis, Missouri, resulting in the deaths of at least 28 people and injuries to another 100. The highly publicized affair polarized the border state of Missouri, leading some citizens to advocate secession and others to support the Union, thus setting the stage for sustained violence between the opposing factions. It began when some state militia tropps refused to take the oath of allegiance to the U.S. They were publically chastised and marched through the streets, creating local outcry and protest over the humiliation. To further complicate the situation, the troops overseeing the punishment march were part of a German-American regiment, causing an anti-German sentiment to arise among the protesters. Camp Jackson Affair forced previously neutral Missourians to take a side. Some former Unionists, including former Governor Sterling Price, now advocated secession. But ultimately the actions of the St. Louis German community did much to ensure Missouri's continued loyalty to the Union, and in the years following the war, the Germans would gain a reputation as "saviors of Missouri."

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Architecture

Architecture

Architecture