Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin was honored by several tribes and allowed to view rare and sacred ceremonies; Mandan ritual translated as "The Waters Settle Down", the first ceremony called "O-kee-pa"; inside the Medicine Lodge a ring of hanging shields and quivers encircle a group of long-haired men gathered around a central fire pit, buffalo and human skulls lay next to the pit and a reclining man speaks with hand raised while drummers beat round-bottomed drums and a man passes a long pipe; see also 1872.23.219, 220, 221 for other images of this ceremony

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; pipes with peculiar, ornate bowls carved and painted with designs incorporating many mythological beasts with human and animal characteristics, weird scenes of chained reclining human figures or humans and weird beasts intertwined so as to be inseparable

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; several pipes with peculiar bowl designs: grotesque and grimacing faces, a bust of a nude woman, an adult head with an infant clinging to the back of the neck, a hawk's head, and several designed to resemble crockery jugs, pots and pitchers

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; five pipes with peculiar bowl designs: two dogs standing, a bird's head, a whiskey barrel with a grinning male head protruding from the top, a nude reclining woman, and an animal with human and boar features

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; eight pipes with stems or 'calumets' decorated with buffalo hunt scenes, geometric patterns of leather or woven wickerwork wrapping and carved stems

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; nine pipes with stems or 'calumets' decorated with geometric patterns of leather or woven wickerwork wrapping, spiral carved stems, feather and fur tassles

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the carving and construction of Native American pipes; these pipes bowls were made from Redstone or Pipestone now called by geologists "catlinite" after the artist, gathered ritually and reverently at a sacred quarry in Minnesota, now Pipestone National Park; it is considered by Native Americans the most important and most sacred material used to construct pipes; these pipes have been ornately carved into human faces, a head, a fist, a man smoking a long pipe, a bust of a naked women, a double bowled pipe with two drummers tugging a drum between them, mythological beasts with human bodies and animal heads and sometimes paws or tails, and a combination axehead/pipe bowl that was probably only used ceremonially, not as a weapon

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the markings on a Ojibway buffalo skin robe, probably belonging to a spiritual leader; a complex series of symbols: an alligator, porcupine, deer, fox, buffalo, bear, weasel, prairie dog, marmot, beaver, several kinds of fish, horses, turtles, frogs; an owl, egret, pelican, spider, snail; wounded enemy warriors, knives, pipes, a bowl with spoon, a bow, footprints, a moon and sun

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the markings on a Mandan warrior's buffalo skin robe; a scene of a single battle involving mostly mounted warriors using spears, bows, and tomahawks as well as rifles or muskets

Ethnography. Studies of Native Americans: Catlin's reproduction of the markings on a Pawnee Medicine Man's buffalo skin robe; a series of complex symbols: a mounted medicine man with an elaborately fringed, decorated and tassled robes and shield with many weapons is surrounded by stylized birds-probably a hawk and egret, snakes, dogs, a dying buffalo pierced by an arrow and harried by vultures and stalks of grain